Breast cancer is the most common cancer among women worldwide, with an estimated 2.3 million new cases and 685,000 deaths in 2020, according to the World Health Organization (WHO). Early detection and prompt treatment are crucial for improving survival rates.
How to Perform a Self-Exam
Regular self-exams are essential for detecting any changes or abnormalities in the breasts. Follow these steps:
- Lie Down: Place a pillow under your right shoulder and right arm raised, gently feeling the left breast.
- Palpate: Use the fingertips of your left hand to feel in a circular motion, covering the entire breast and armpit area. Repeat on the right breast.
- Check Nipples: Gently squeeze each nipple and check for discharge or changes in shape.
- Look in a Mirror: Stand in front of a mirror with arms raised and look for any asymmetry, puckering, or discoloration.
When to Seek Professional Help
If you notice any of the following signs or symptoms, see a healthcare provider promptly:
- Lump or Thickening: A new lump or thickening that feels different from surrounding tissue.
- Changes in Skin: Dimpling, puckering, or redness of the skin.
- Breast Pain: Persistent pain that is not relieved by over-the-counter pain relievers.
- Nipple Changes: Discharge (other than breast milk in lactating women), inversion, or shape changes.
- Swelling: Increased size or swelling of all or part of a breast.
Imaging Tests
Mammography and ultrasound are the primary imaging tests used to diagnose breast cancer.
Mammography: A low-dose X-ray exam that detects changes in breast tissue, including masses and calcifications. Recommended for women aged 40 and older, with annual or biennial screening based on individual risk factors.
Ultrasound: A safe and painless test that uses sound waves to create images of the breast tissue. Often used to complement mammography or investigate abnormal findings.
Biopsy
A biopsy is necessary to confirm a diagnosis of breast cancer. This involves removing a small sample of suspicious tissue for laboratory analysis. Types of biopsies include:
- Needle Biopsy: A thin needle is inserted into the breast to retrieve a tissue sample.
- Excisional Biopsy: A surgical procedure to remove the entire tumor or a portion of it for examination.
Risk Factors
Several factors increase the risk of developing breast cancer, including:
- Age: Risk increases with age.
- Family History: Women with a strong family history of breast cancer are at higher risk.
- Genetic Mutations: Inherited gene mutations, such as BRCA1 and BRCA2, significantly increase risk.
- Dense Breast Tissue: Breasts with more glandular tissue and less fat are more difficult to image and may increase risk.
- Obesity: Excessive weight gain after menopause increases risk.
- Alcohol Consumption: Excessive alcohol intake is associated with an increased risk of breast cancer.
- Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT): Long-term use of HRT may slightly increase risk.
Prevention and Early Detection
While some risk factors for breast cancer cannot be modified, there are steps women can take to reduce their risk and improve early detection:
- Maintain a Healthy Weight: Obesity increases risk, so maintaining a healthy weight is crucial.
- Limit Alcohol Intake: Excessive alcohol consumption is a known risk factor.
- Exercise Regularly: Regular physical activity can reduce the risk of developing breast cancer.
- Avoid Smoking: Smoking has been linked to an increased risk of breast cancer.
- Promote Breastfeeding: Breastfeeding for at least 6 months may reduce the risk of breast cancer.
- Genetic Counseling: Women with a strong family history should consider genetic counseling to determine their risk and discuss preventive measures.
Conclusion
Regular breast self-exams and professional screening are crucial for detecting breast cancer early. Understanding the risk factors and adopting healthy lifestyle choices can help women reduce their risk and improve their chances of survival. If any signs or symptoms occur, it is essential to seek professional help promptly.
